NOMBRE CIENTIFICO.-
El Bupleurum falcatum, o hierba de la gitana, pertenece a la familia de las Apiáceas y forma parte de las plantas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional china o japonesa.
UTILIZACION.-
Normalmente se considera un desintoxicante celular que ayuda a combatir las infecciones crónicas y los estados inflamatorios (en particular las hepatitis). Más recientemente, la hierba de la gitana ha visto aumentar su popularidad a la vista de los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento del cáncer.
EFECTO ACTIVO.-
Sus principios activos son las saikosaponinas A, B, C y D. Entre ellas, la forma A, un glucósido triterpenoide, forma muy poco frecuente y costosa de obtener (habría que consumir 50.000 mg de hierba de la gitana para obtener la cantidad de saikosaponina A presente en una sola de las cápsulas), posee la propiedad de activar el gen P16, cuya función es eliminar los tumores cancerosas.
¤ Numerosos estudios han confirmado que la saikosaponina A destruye las células cancerosas dejando intactos los linfocitos normales. El más destacado de dichos estudios, realizado por el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas de Madrid, ha asociado la saikosaponina A al astragalósido IV. Se ha constatado que los ratones tratados viven mucho más tiempo que los utilizados como controles, independientemente del estadio de su tumor. Los investigadores han observado así mismo que los ratones portadores de neoplasias variables, cuyo tratamiento se enriquecía únicamente con saikosaponina A, presentaban una mayor longevidad que los ratones sanos. El estudio concluyó: «Cuando se activa el gen P53 y el gen P16 en los ratones, la incidencia de cáncer se reduce prácticamente a cero». Esta alentadora investigación en animales ya ha permitido el desarrollo de tratamientos en el ser humano en los servicios oncológicos de diversos hospitales chinos.
¤ Los investigadores españoles han concluido que la activación de estos tres genes: el de la telomerasa, el gen P53 y el gen P16, constituían un apoyo de gran importancia en la lucha contra la aparición y para la regresión de los tumores por apoptosis (muerte celular programada). Y han añadido: « No creemos que los ratones hayan vivido más tiempo porque no hayan padecido cáncer, sino porque estos genes protegen del envejecimiento».
¤ Cabe reseñar que la saikosaponina A ve amplificados sus efectos beneficiosos cuando se asocia, pero no al mismo tiempo*, con el astragalósido IV o cicloastragenol, que activan el gen de la telomerasa, y con el resveratrol y sus derivados, que activan el gen P53.
Bupleurum
Nombre científico (s): Bupleurum falcatum L., (sinónimo Bupleurum chinense DC y Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd.).. Familia: Apiaceae (zanahorias). Sinónimo: Umbelliferae
Nombre (s) Común: Beichaihu, Bupleuri Radix, raíz bupleurum, Chai-hu, Chaihu (chino), raíz de liebre oreja, Radix Bupleuri, Saiko (japonés), thorowax, thorow cera.
Usos
Bupleurum está siendo investigado por su antipirético, inmunomodulador, tracto gastrointestinal, y efectos hepatoprotectores, así como su potencial en la prevención y el tratamiento de los cánceres. Los ensayos clínicos son generalmente escasas.
Dosificación
No existen ensayos clínicos. Aunque se recomienda entre 2 a 3 tabletas diarias.
Contraindicaciones
No se han identificado Contraindicaciones.
Embarazo / Lactancia
La información relativa a la seguridad y la eficacia en el embarazo y la lactancia es insuficiente.
Interacciones
Ninguno bien documentado.
Reacciones adversas
Laxitud leve, sedación y somnolencia. Las dosis grandes pueden aumentar los movimientos intestinales y la flatulencia. Se ha reportado alergia a bupleurum inyectado
Toxicología
The toxicity profile appears to be low; El perfil de toxicidad parece ser baja; however, information is limited. Sin embargo, la información es limitada.
Botany Botánica
Bupleurum is a perennial herb that grows mainly in China, but is also cultivated in other areas. Bupleurum es una hierba perenne que crece principalmente en China, pero también se cultiva en otras zonas. The plant grows to approximately 1 m in height and requires abundant sun to flourish. La planta crece hasta aproximadamente 1 m de altura y requiere abundante sol para florecer. The leaves are long and sickle-shaped with parallel veining. Las hojas son largas y en forma de hoz con vetas paralelas. Terminal clusters of small, yellow flowers appear in autumn. Racimos terminales de pequeñas flores amarillas aparecen en otoño. The long cone or column-shaped, single or branched root is 10 to 20 cm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter. El largo de cono o en forma de columna, raíz única o ramificado es de 10 a 20 cm de longitud y de 0,5 a 1,5 cm de diámetro. It is light brown to brown, may be wrinkled, and is easily broken. 1 , 2 , 3 Es de color marrón claro a marrón, puede ser arrugado, y se rompe fácilmente. 1 , 2 , 3
More than 20 species have been described in the genus Bupleurum , including a toxic species, Bupleurum longiradiatum , found in northeast China, and Bupleurum kaoi , which is indigenous to Taiwan. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 The root of B. chinense DC. Más de 20 especies han sido descritas en el género Bupleurum, incluyendo una especie tóxica, Bupleurum longiradiatum, que se encuentra en el noreste de China, y kaoi Bupleurum, que es autóctona. Taiwán 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 La raíz de B. chinense DC. is considered to be the genuine Chaihu, but other species have been included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China since 1963, including Bei Chaihu and Nan Chaihu (referring to northern and southern thorowax root). está considerado como el verdadero Chaihu, pero otras especies han sido incluidas en la Farmacopea de la República Popular de China desde 1963, incluyendo Bei Chaihu y Nan Chaihu (refiriéndose a raíz thorowax norte y sur). B. falcatum is used in Japan. 4 Confusion exists regarding the species called B. scorzonerifolium Willd., which may be the same as B. falcatum L. var scorzonerifolium . 3 B. falcatum se utiliza en Japón. 4 existe confusión con respecto a la especie llamada B. scorzonerifolium Willd., que puede ser el mismo como B. falcatum L. scorzonerifolium var. 3
History Historia
Bupleurum is a traditional Chinese herb dating back to the first century BC and is one of the most commonly used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Bupleurum es una hierba china tradicional que data del siglo I antes de Cristo y es una de las hierbas más utilizadas en la medicina tradicional china. It forms an integral part of many Kampo medicines (the Japanese adaptation of traditional Chinese medicine), including shosaikoto, daisaikoto, saikokeishito, hochuekkito, saibokuto, and saireito. 4 , 7 One of China's harmony herbs purported to affect organs and energy in the body, bupleurum has been used as a liver tonic, with spleen and stomach toning properties. Forma una parte integral de muchas medicinas Kampo (la adaptación japonesa de la medicina tradicional china), incluyendo shosaikoto, daisaikoto, saikokeishito, hochuekkito, saibokuto y saireito. 4 , 7 Uno de hierbas armonía de China pretendía afectar los órganos y la energía en el cuerpo , Bupleurum se ha utilizado como un tónico para el hígado, bazo y estómago con propiedades tonificantes. The plant has also been used to promote perspiration and treat fever, flu, distending pain in the chest, and menstrual disorders. 3 , 4 , 7 La planta también se ha utilizado para promover la transpiración y tratar la fiebre, gripe, dolor de distensión en el pecho, y los trastornos menstruales. 3 , 4 , 7
Chemistry Química
The main chemical constituents identified include saponins, coumarins, polysaccharides, fatty acids, flavonoids, lignans, polyacetylenes, and steroids. 3 , 8 Los principales componentes químicos identificados incluyen saponinas, cumarinas, polisacáridos, ácidos grasos, flavonoides, lignanos, poliacetilenos, y esteroides. 3 , 8
Bupleurum contains triterpene saponins or saikosides, also known as saikosaponins. 4 Levels of these saikosaponins vary widely between species (ie, B. falcatum 2% to 8% and B. chinense 1.7%) and between wild and cultivated species. Bupleurum contiene saponinas de triterpeno o saikosides, también conocidos como saikosaponins. 4 Los niveles de estos saikosaponins varían ampliamente entre especies (es decir, B. falcatum 2% a 8% y B. chinense 1,7%) y entre especies silvestres y cultivadas. Levels also depend upon growing conditions. 4 , 7 Root parts of bupleurum have been analyzed, resulting in the discovery of many saikosaponins. 4 , 9 , 10 Saponins, along with 8 flavonoid compounds and indole alkaloid glucosides, have been found in the aerial parts of 6 species. 11 , 12 Saikogenins A, B, C, and D are also present in the plant. Los niveles también dependen de las condiciones de crecimiento. 4 , 7 partes de la raíz de Bupleurum han sido analizados, lo que resulta en el descubrimiento de muchos saikosaponins. 4 , 9 , 10 saponinas, junto con 8 compuestos flavonoides y glucósidos de alcaloides de indol, se han encontrado en las partes aéreas de 6 especies. 11 , 12 Saikogenins A, B, C, y D también están presentes en la planta. Spinasterol, stigmasterol, and rutin have been found, as well as pectin-like polysaccharides (bupleurans). 13 The essential oil contains 14 different chemical compounds; Espinasterol, estigmasterol, y la rutina se han encontrado, así como pectina-como polisacáridos (bupleurans). 13 El aceite esencial contiene 14 compuestos químicos diferentes; Li05b and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids have been described. 5 Chemical constituents have been assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, capillary gas chromatography, and capillary zone electrophoresis. 3 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 12 , 14 Li05b y ácidos grasos insaturados de cadena larga se han descrito. 5 Los componentes químicos se han ensayado mediante cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento, cromatografía de gases capilar, y electroforesis de zona capilar. 3 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 12 , 14
Uses and Pharmacology Usos y Farmacología
Antipyretic
effects Efectos antipiréticos
Animal data Los datos en animales
Oral decoctions of bupleurum, subcutaneous injection of the root extract, and oral saikosaponins have shown antipyretic effects in rats and rabbits. 3 Nasal gel and nasal spray made from the essential oil of bupleurum reduced fever in rats and rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. 15 , 16 Decocciones orales de Bupleurum, inyección subcutánea del extracto de la raíz, y saikosaponins orales han demostrado efectos antipiréticos en ratas y conejos. 3 nasal gel y aerosol nasal hecho de que el aceite esencial de la fiebre Bupleurum reducida en ratas y conejos en una manera dependiente de la dosis. 15 , 16
Clinical data Los datos clínicos
Radix Bupleuri reduces fever in influenza, the common cold, malaria, and pneumonia, with antipyretic effects in the majority of patients. 3 However, clinical trials have not been reported in peer-reviewed journals. Radix Bupleuri reduce la fiebre en la gripe, el resfriado común, la malaria y la neumonía, con efectos antipiréticos en la mayoría de los pacientes. 3 Sin embargo, no se han reportado ensayos clínicos en revistas revisadas por pares.
Cancer Cáncer
Bupleurum demonstrated cytotoxic effects in several human cell lines in vitro, including lung adenocarcinoma and breast, colon, hepatocellular, and ovarian cancer. 17 , 18 , 19 Bupleurum demostró efectos citotóxicos en varias líneas celulares humanas in vitro, incluyendo adenocarcinoma de pulmón y de mama, de colon, hepatocelular y cáncer de ovario. 17 , 18 , 19
The saponin fraction of B. kaoi , the acetone extract of the roots of B. scorzonerifolium , a polysaccharide bupleuran from the roots of B. falcatum , a novel lignin (isochaihulactone), and the extract from the root of B. longiradiatum have all been evaluated for antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 La fracción de saponina de B. kaoi, el extracto de acetona de las raíces de B. scorzonerifolium, un bupleuran polisacáridos de las raíces de B. falcatum, una novela de lignina (isochaihulactone), y el extracto de la raíz de B. longiradiatum todos han sido evaluados para efectos antiproliferativos y apoptóticos. 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23
Animal data Los datos en animales
Limited in vivo animal experiments have been conducted. Limitado en experimentos con animales in vivo han llevado a cabo. Studies in mice with lung adenocarcinoma showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on tumor growth for B. scorzonerifolium extracts. 17 , 22 Extracts from the roots of B. longiradiatum were antiangiogenic in vitro, but they were not effective against lung tumors in mice and were fatally toxic at higher dosages. 23 Estudios en ratones con adenocarcinoma de pulmón mostraron un efecto antiproliferativo dosis-dependiente en el crecimiento del tumor para los extractos de B. scorzonerifolium. 17 , 22 Los extractos de las raíces de B. longiradiatum eran antiangiogénica in vitro, pero no eran eficaces contra los tumores de pulmón en ratones y fueron fatalmente tóxico a dosis más altas. 23
Clinical data Los datos clínicos
Clinical trials are lacking. Los ensayos clínicos son insuficientes.
GI/Gastric
ulcer Úlcera
GI / gástrico
Animal data Los datos en animales
In animal experiments, the polysaccharide bupleurans and saikosaponins reduced the effect of induced gastric ulcers and increase healing rates and were comparable with sucralfate. En experimentos con animales, los bupleurans polisacáridos y saikosaponins reducen el efecto de las úlceras gástricas inducidas y aumentan las tasas de curación y eran comparables con sucralfato. Suggested mechanisms of action include the reinforcement of the gastric mucosal barrier and an antisecretory action on acid and pepsin. 3 , 24 , 25 , 26 An ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the plant exhibited anti- H. pylori action in vitro. 27 Mecanismos de acción sugeridos incluyen el refuerzo de la barrera de la mucosa gástrica y una acción antisecretora en el ácido y la pepsina. 3 , 24 , 25 , 26 Un extracto etanólico de las partes aéreas de la planta se exhiben acción anti-H. pylori in vitro. 27
Clinical data Los datos clínicos
Clinical trials are lacking. Los ensayos clínicos son insuficientes.
Hepatoprotective
effects Efectos hepatoprotector
Animal data Los datos en animales
Saikosaponins and root and leaf extracts have demonstrated protective effects on acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats. Saikosaponins y extractos de la raíz y de la hoja han demostrado efectos protectores sobre el paracetamol y la lesión hepática inducida por tetracloruro de carbono en ratas. Most, but not all, experiments have shown positive effects on ALT and AST as well as histological changes, such as cell membrane malfunctions and cell death. La mayoría, pero no todos, los experimentos han demostrado efectos positivos en la ALT y AST así como los cambios histológicos, tales como el mal funcionamiento de la membrana celular y la muerte celular. The effects are attributed mainly to decreased oxidative stress. 3 , 6 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 Los efectos se atribuyen principalmente a la disminución de estrés oxidativo. 3 , 6 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33
Clinical data Los datos clínicos
High-quality clinical trials are lacking. Ensayos clínicos de alta calidad son escasas. Intravenous injection of bupleurum led to beneficial therapeutic outcomes in 100 cases of infectious hepatitis in adults and children. 34 La inyección intravenosa de bupleurum condujo a resultados terapéuticos beneficiosos en 100 casos de hepatitis infecciosa en adultos y niños. 34
Immune system modulation/inflammation La modulación del sistema inmunitario / inflamación
In vitro studies have shown both up- and down-regulation effects of root extracts, polysaccharide bupleurans, and individual saikosaponins, especially saikosaponin D, on the immune system. Estudios in vitro han mostrado efectos tanto arriba y abajo-regulación de los extractos de raíz, bupleurans polisacáridos y saikosaponins individuales, especialmente saikosaponin D, sobre el sistema inmunológico. Increased antibody response, induction of type 1 interferons, and up-regulation of macrophages have been demonstrated. 3 , 8 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 Bidirectional effects on T lymphocytes have also been demonstrated, possibly a dose-dependent effect. 3 , 8 , 35 , 39 , 40 , 41 Anticomplementary effects by polysaccharide extracts of Bupleurum smithii roots 42 and inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase by the aerial part of Bupleurum fruitcescens have been demonstrated. 43 Aumento de la respuesta de anticuerpos, inducción de interferones de tipo 1, y la regulación de los macrófagos se ha demostrado. 3 , 8 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 efectos bidireccionales en los linfocitos T también se han demostrado, posiblemente un efecto dependiente de la dosis. 3 , 8 , 35 , 39 , 40 , 41 los efectos anticomplementarios por extractos de polisacáridos de las raíces de Bupleurum smithii 42 y la inhibición de la ciclooxigenasa y de la lipoxigenasa por la parte aérea de fruitcescens Bupleurum se han demostrado. 43
Animal data Los datos en animales
Rat paw edema experiments have been conducted using crude extracts of B. falcatum , purified saponins 3 and 7, and some saikosaponins A and D. The anti-inflammatory effect was similar to that of prednisolone, 3 but not of dexamethasone. 44 Saikosaponin C prevented nephritis in mice treated with nephrotoxic serum, but it did not prevent the formation or deposition of immune complex, suggesting an upregulation of enzymes or mechanisms that digest and clear the immune complexes. 45 Experimentos de edema de la pata de la rata se han llevado a cabo utilizando extractos crudos de B. falcatum, saponinas purificadas 3 y 7, y algunos saikosaponins A y D. El efecto anti-inflamatorio fue similar a la de la prednisolona, 3 pero no de dexametasona. 44 Saikosaponin C impedido nefritis en los ratones tratados con suero nefrotóxico, pero no impidió la formación o deposición de complejos inmunes, sugiriendo una regulación al alza de las enzimas o mecanismos que digieren y clara los complejos inmunes. 45
Clinical data Los datos clínicos
Clinical trials are lacking. 13 Los ensayos clínicos son insuficientes. 13
Other
uses Otros
usos
Analgesic Analgésico
Animal experiments suggest bupleurum extracts and sapogenin A may possess analgesic effects. 3 Los experimentos con animales sugieren extractos bupleurum y sapogeninas A pueden tener efectos analgésicos. 3
Antiviral Antiviral
Bupleurum inactivated enveloped viruses, including measles and herpes, but had no effect on nonenveloped viruses, such as polio. 46 Saikosaponins inhibit coxsackie B virus, 36 and saikosaponin B inhibited the human coronavirus, which is responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome. 47 Bupleurum inactivado virus envueltos, como el sarampión y el herpes, pero no tuvo ningún efecto sobre los virus sin envoltura, como la polio. 46 Saikosaponins inhiben el virus Coxsackie B, 36 y saikosaponin B inhibió el coronavirus humano, el cual es responsable del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo. 47
Asthma Asma
Saikosaponin A reduced antigen challenge-induced bronchoconstriction in experiments conducted on guinea pigs. 48 Saikosaponin A redujo la broncoconstricción inducida por antígeno desafío en experimentos realizados en conejillos de indias. 48
Cardiac Cardíaco
The chloroform extract of roots of Bupleurum fruticosum exerted vaso-relaxant effects on rat aorta. 49 El extracto de cloroformo de raíces de Bupleurum fruticosum ejerce efectos vaso-relajantes en la aorta de rata. 49
Sedation Sedación
Saikosaponins, especially saiksaponin A and saikogenin A, inhibited rod climbing in mice and antagonized caffeine and methamphetamine. 34 Saikosaponins, especialmente saiksaponin A y saikogenin A, escalada varilla inhibido en ratones y antagoniza la cafeína y metanfetamina. 34
Dosage Dosis
Dosage of Radix Bupleuri is 3 to 9 g/day 3 ; Dosis de Radix Bupleuri es de 3 a 9 g / día 3 ; however, no clinical trials have been performed to validate this range as safe or effective. sin embargo, no se han realizado ensayos clínicos para validar esta gama tan seguro y efectivo.
Pregnancy/Lactation Embarazo / Lactancia
Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. La información relativa a la seguridad y la eficacia en el embarazo y la lactancia es insuficiente.
Interactions Interacciones
Antiaggregation effects on platelets have been demonstrated in vitro by the lactone bupleurumin extracted from the aerial parts of B. falcatum . 50 Therefore, potentiation of thrombolytic and antiaggregating medicines is theoretically possible. Antiagregación efectos sobre las plaquetas han sido demostrado in vitro por el bupleurumin lactona extraído de las partes aéreas de B. falcatum. 50 Por lo tanto, la potenciación de los medicamentos trombolíticos y antiagregantes es teóricamente posible. Saikosaponins antagonized the stimulatory effects of caffeine and methamphetamine in mice; Saikosaponins antagoniza los efectos estimulantes de la cafeína y metanfetamina en ratones; synergism with CNS depressants is possible. 3 , 34 sinergismo con depresores del SNC es posible. 3 , 34
Bupleuri Radix forms an integral part of many Kampo medicines (eg, shosaikoto, daisaikoto, saikokeishito, hochuekkito, saibokuto, saireito) for which interactions have been reported. Bupleuri Radix es una parte integral de muchas medicinas Kampo (por ejemplo, shosaikoto, daisaikoto, saikokeishito, hochuekkito, saibokuto, saireito) para los que se han reportado interacciones. Preparations include combinations of bupleurum with glycyrrhiza, scutellaria root, ginseng, jujube fruit, astragalus root, magnolia bark, alisma rhizome, and rhubarb. 7 Assigning causality in reported drug interactions to individual plant components is difficult. Los preparativos incluyen combinaciones de bupleurum con glycyrrhiza, raíz de escutelaria, ginseng, fruto de azufaifo, raíz de astrágalo, corteza de magnolia, alisma rizoma, y el ruibarbo. 7 Asignación de causalidad en las interacciones entre medicamentos reportados a los componentes individuales de la planta es difícil.
Adverse Reactions Reacciones adversas
Bupleurum has produced mild lassitude, sedation, and drowsiness in some patients. 3 Large doses have been reported to increase flatulence and bowel movements. 3 Allergy to injected bupleurum has been reported. 34 Bupleurum ha producido laxitud leve, sedación y somnolencia en algunos pacientes. 3 dosis grandes se han reportado para aumentar la flatulencia y los movimientos intestinales. 3 Alergia a bupleurum inyectada ha sido reportado. 34
Bupleuri Radix forms an integral part of many combination preparations for which adverse reactions have been reported. Bupleuri Radix es una parte integral de muchas preparaciones de combinación para la que se ha informado de reacciones adversas. Assigning causality in reported drug interactions to individual plant components is difficult. 51 Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been reported, with one case attributed to bupleurum. 52 La asignación de la causalidad en las interacciones entre medicamentos reportados a los componentes individuales de la planta es difícil. 51 síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto ha informado, con un caso atribuido a bupleurum. 52
Toxicology Toxicología
Limited pharmacokinetic information is available in humans. Información farmacocinética disponible es limitada en los seres humanos. Crude saikosaponins show low-medium toxicity in mice (oral median lethal dose = 4.7 g/kg and intramuscular median lethal dose = 112 mg/kg). 8 Methanolic extracts of B. falcatum have not shown mutagenic effects in most modified Ames Salmonella tests; Saikosaponins crudo muestran toxicidad baja-media en ratones (dosis letal media por vía oral = 4,7 g / kg y la mediana intramuscular dosis letal = 112 mg / kg). 8 extractos metanólicos de B. falcatum no han mostrado efectos mutagénicos en pruebas de Ames Salmonella más modificados; however, one report found enhanced mutagenic activity with a hot-water extract of B. falcatum . 3 sin embargo, un informe encontró actividad mutagénica mejorada con un extracto de agua caliente de B. falcatum. 3
En este sitio :
Se vende el extracto en tabletas de BUPLEURUM a 14 dolares , como un suplemento vitaminico.
En este otro sitio por amazon, tambien :
http://www.amazon.com/Planetary-Herbals-Bupleurum-Calmative-Compound/dp/B001G7R400
Herbalife tambien lo comercializa:
http://www.lifemana.com/bupleurum.html
Scientific Name(s): Bupleurum falcatum L., (synonym Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd.). Family: Apiaceae (carrots). Synonym: Umbelliferae
Common Name(s): Beichaihu , Bupleuri Radix , bupleurum root , Chai-hu , Chaihu (Chinese), hare's ear root , Radix Bupleuri , Saiko (Japanese) , thorowax , thorow wax .
Bupleurum is being investigated for its antipyretic, immunomodulatory, GI tract, and hepatoprotective effects, as well as its potential in the prevention and treatment of cancers. Clinical trials are generally lacking.
No clinical trials exist.
Contraindications have not been identified.
Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.
None well documented.
Mild lassitude, sedation, and drowsiness. Large doses may increase flatulence and bowel movements. Allergy to injected bupleurum has been reported.
Bupleurum is a perennial herb that grows mainly in China, but is also cultivated in other areas. The plant grows to approximately 1 m in height and requires abundant sun to flourish. The leaves are long and sickle-shaped with parallel veining. Terminal clusters of small, yellow flowers appear in autumn. The long cone or column-shaped, single or branched root is 10 to 20 cm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter. It is light brown to brown, may be wrinkled, and is easily broken. 1 , 2 , 3
More than 20 species have been described in the genus Bupleurum , including a toxic species, Bupleurum longiradiatum , found in northeast China, and Bupleurum kaoi , which is indigenous to Taiwan. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 The root of B. chinense DC. is considered to be the genuine Chaihu, but other species have been included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China since 1963, including Bei Chaihu and Nan Chaihu (referring to northern and southern thorowax root). B. falcatum is used in Japan. 4 Confusion exists regarding the species called B. scorzonerifolium Willd., which may be the same as B. falcatum L. var scorzonerifolium . 3
Bupleurum is a traditional Chinese herb dating back to the first century BC and is one of the most commonly used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. It forms an integral part of many Kampo medicines (the Japanese adaptation of traditional Chinese medicine), including shosaikoto, daisaikoto, saikokeishito, hochuekkito, saibokuto, and saireito. 4 , 7 One of China's harmony herbs purported to affect organs and energy in the body, bupleurum has been used as a liver tonic, with spleen and stomach toning properties. The plant has also been used to promote perspiration and treat fever, flu, distending pain in the chest, and menstrual disorders. 3 , 4 , 7
The main chemical constituents identified include saponins, coumarins, polysaccharides, fatty acids, flavonoids, lignans, polyacetylenes, and steroids. 3 , 8
Bupleurum contains triterpene saponins or saikosides, also known as saikosaponins. 4 Levels of these saikosaponins vary widely between species (ie, B. falcatum 2% to 8% and B. chinense 1.7%) and between wild and cultivated species. Levels also depend upon growing conditions. 4 , 7 Root parts of bupleurum have been analyzed, resulting in the discovery of many saikosaponins. 4 , 9 , 10 Saponins, along with 8 flavonoid compounds and indole alkaloid glucosides, have been found in the aerial parts of 6 species. 11 , 12 Saikogenins A, B, C, and D are also present in the plant. Spinasterol, stigmasterol, and rutin have been found, as well as pectin-like polysaccharides (bupleurans). 13 The essential oil contains 14 different chemical compounds; Li05b and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids have been described. 5 Chemical constituents have been assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, capillary gas chromatography, and capillary zone electrophoresis. 3 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 12 , 14
Antipyretic effects
Animal data
Oral decoctions of bupleurum, subcutaneous injection of the root extract, and oral saikosaponins have shown antipyretic effects in rats and rabbits. 3 Nasal gel and nasal spray made from the essential oil of bupleurum reduced fever in rats and rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. 15 , 16
Clinical data
Radix Bupleuri reduces fever in influenza, the common cold, malaria, and pneumonia, with antipyretic effects in the majority of patients. 3 However, clinical trials have not been reported in peer-reviewed journals.
Cancer
Bupleurum demonstrated cytotoxic effects in several human cell lines in vitro, including lung adenocarcinoma and breast, colon, hepatocellular, and ovarian cancer. 17 , 18 , 19
The saponin fraction of B. kaoi , the acetone extract of the roots of B. scorzonerifolium , a polysaccharide bupleuran from the roots of B. falcatum , a novel lignin (isochaihulactone), and the extract from the root of B. longiradiatum have all been evaluated for antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23
Animal data
Limited in vivo animal experiments have been conducted. Studies in mice with lung adenocarcinoma showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on tumor growth for B. scorzonerifolium extracts. 17 , 22 Extracts from the roots of B. longiradiatum were antiangiogenic in vitro, but they were not effective against lung tumors in mice and were fatally toxic at higher dosages. 23
Clinical data
Clinical trials are lacking.
GI/Gastric ulcer
Animal data
In animal experiments, the polysaccharide bupleurans and saikosaponins reduced the effect of induced gastric ulcers and increase healing rates and were comparable with sucralfate. Suggested mechanisms of action include the reinforcement of the gastric mucosal barrier and an antisecretory action on acid and pepsin. 3 , 24 , 25 , 26 An ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the plant exhibited anti- H. pylori action in vitro. 27
Clinical data
Clinical trials are lacking.
Hepatoprotective effects
Animal data
Saikosaponins and root and leaf extracts have demonstrated protective effects on acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats. Most, but not all, experiments have shown positive effects on ALT and AST as well as histological changes, such as cell membrane malfunctions and cell death. The effects are attributed mainly to decreased oxidative stress. 3 , 6 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33
Clinical data
High-quality clinical trials are lacking. Intravenous injection of bupleurum led to beneficial therapeutic outcomes in 100 cases of infectious hepatitis in adults and children. 34
Immune system modulation/inflammation
In vitro studies have shown both up- and down-regulation effects of root extracts, polysaccharide bupleurans, and individual saikosaponins, especially saikosaponin D, on the immune system. Increased antibody response, induction of type 1 interferons, and up-regulation of macrophages have been demonstrated. 3 , 8 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 Bidirectional effects on T lymphocytes have also been demonstrated, possibly a dose-dependent effect. 3 , 8 , 35 , 39 , 40 , 41 Anticomplementary effects by polysaccharide extracts of Bupleurum smithii roots 42 and inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase by the aerial part of Bupleurum fruitcescens have been demonstrated. 43
Animal data
Rat paw edema experiments have been conducted using crude extracts of B. falcatum , purified saponins 3 and 7, and some saikosaponins A and D. The anti-inflammatory effect was similar to that of prednisolone, 3 but not of dexamethasone. 44 Saikosaponin C prevented nephritis in mice treated with nephrotoxic serum, but it did not prevent the formation or deposition of immune complex, suggesting an upregulation of enzymes or mechanisms that digest and clear the immune complexes. 45
Clinical data
Clinical trials are lacking. 13
Other uses
Analgesic
Animal experiments suggest bupleurum extracts and sapogenin A may possess analgesic effects. 3
Antiviral
Bupleurum inactivated enveloped viruses, including measles and herpes, but had no effect on nonenveloped viruses, such as polio. 46 Saikosaponins inhibit coxsackie B virus, 36 and saikosaponin B inhibited the human coronavirus, which is responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome. 47
Asthma
Saikosaponin A reduced antigen challenge-induced bronchoconstriction in experiments conducted on guinea pigs. 48
Cardiac
The chloroform extract of roots of Bupleurum fruticosum exerted vaso-relaxant effects on rat aorta. 49
Sedation
Saikosaponins, especially saiksaponin A and saikogenin A, inhibited rod climbing in mice and antagonized caffeine and methamphetamine. 34
Dosage of Radix Bupleuri is 3 to 9 g/day 3 ; however, no clinical trials have been performed to validate this range as safe or effective.
Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.
Antiaggregation effects on platelets have been demonstrated in vitro by the lactone bupleurumin extracted from the aerial parts of B. falcatum . 50 Therefore, potentiation of thrombolytic and antiaggregating medicines is theoretically possible. Saikosaponins antagonized the stimulatory effects of caffeine and methamphetamine in mice; synergism with CNS depressants is possible. 3 , 34
Bupleuri Radix forms an integral part of many Kampo medicines (eg, shosaikoto, daisaikoto, saikokeishito, hochuekkito, saibokuto, saireito) for which interactions have been reported. Preparations include combinations of bupleurum with glycyrrhiza, scutellaria root, ginseng, jujube fruit, astragalus root, magnolia bark, alisma rhizome, and rhubarb. 7 Assigning causality in reported drug interactions to individual plant components is difficult.
Bupleurum has produced mild lassitude, sedation, and drowsiness in some patients. 3 Large doses have been reported to increase flatulence and bowel movements. 3 Allergy to injected bupleurum has been reported. 34
Bupleuri Radix forms an integral part of many combination preparations for which adverse reactions have been reported. Assigning causality in reported drug interactions to individual plant components is difficult. 51 Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been reported, with one case attributed to bupleurum. 52
Limited pharmacokinetic information is available in humans. Crude saikosaponins show low-medium toxicity in mice (oral median lethal dose = 4.7 g/kg and intramuscular median lethal dose = 112 mg/kg). 8 Methanolic extracts of B. falcatum have not shown mutagenic effects in most modified Ames Salmonella tests; however, one report found enhanced mutagenic activity with a hot-water extract of B. falcatum .
Ingredientes y descripción Bupleurum Liver Cleanse is a unique herbal formula that unites the healing traditions of three cultures to provide a comprehensive and well-balanced program for deep internal cleansing. Bupleurum Liver Cleanse es una fórmula a base de hierbas único que une las tradiciones curativas de las tres culturas para ofrecer un programa completo y equilibrado para la profunda limpieza interna. It helps the overburdened liver by "dredging" it of old, stored-up waste matter, and strengthening it with nourishing herbs.The Liver's Role in DetoxificationThe liver is the largest of our vital organs. Ayuda a que el hígado sobrecargado por "dragado" es de vieja materia de residuos, almacenado, y fortalecerla con alimentar papel del hígado en herbs.The DetoxificationThe hígado es el más grande de nuestros órganos vitales. It is responsible for facilitating digestion and elimination, and filtering potentially toxic waste products from the blood. Es responsable de facilitar la digestión y eliminación, y filtrando los productos de desecho potencialmente tóxicas de la sangre. Liver detoxification is especially important today, due to the increasing prevalence of chemical pollutants in our environment. La desintoxicación del hígado es especialmente importante en la actualidad, debido a la creciente prevalencia de contaminantes químicos en el medio ambiente.
Suggested use: 2 tablets twice daily between meals. Uso sugerido: 2 tabletas dos veces al día entre las comidas.
Supplement Facts for 530 mg Tablet - Serving Size: 2 Tablets - Amount - %DV - Calcium 149 mg 15% - Proprietary Blend: Cyperus Rhizome, Fennel Fruit, Dandelion Root Extract (4:1), Dong Quai Root, Chinese Peony Root, Milk Thistle Seed Extract (yielding 80 mg silymarin), Wild Yam Root Extract (4:1), Bupleurum Root Extract (5% saikosaponins), Lycium Fruit Extract (4:1), Ginger Root Extract (4:1), Dong Quai Root Extract (4:1), and Chinese Skullcap Root Extract (30% flavones).1.06 g Hechos del Suplemento de 530 mg Tablet - Tamaño de la porción: 2 tabletas - Importe -% VD - Calcio 149 mg 15% - Mezcla patentada: Cyperus Rizoma, Hinojo Fruta, extracto de raíz de diente de león (04:01), Dong Quai Root, raíz de peonía china, Extracto de semilla de cardo de leche (produciendo 80 mg de silimarina), Wild Yam Root Extract (4:1), Extracto de raíz de Bupleurum (5% saikosaponins), Lycium Extracto de Fruta (04:01), Ginger Root Extract (4:1), Dong Quai Extracto de raíz (04:01), y extracto de raíz de escutelaria china (30% flavonas) .1.06 g
Other Ingredients: dibasic calcium phosphate, stearic acid, colloidal silicon dioxide, modified cellulose gum. Otros ingredientes: fosfato de calcio dibásico, ácido esteárico, dióxido de silicio coloidal, goma de celulosa modificada.
Warning: Not for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Advertencia: No debe utilizarse durante el embarazo o la lactancia. If you are taking Interferon or any other prescription drugs, consult your physician before using this product.STORE IN A COOL, DRY PLACE.Do not use if either tamper-evident seal is broken or missing. Si usted está tomando interferón oa otros medicamentos de venta con receta, consulte a su médico antes de usar este product.STORE en un lugar fresco, seco PLACE.Do lo use si bien precinto de seguridad está roto o falta. Keep out of the reach of children. Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños.
Suggested Use: 2 tablets twice daily between meals. Uso sugerido: 2 tabletas dos veces al día entre las comidas.
Planetary Herbals offers the best of classic herbal traditions, from Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese herbalism to the experience of Western herbal practitioners. Planetary Herbals ofrece lo mejor de las tradiciones de hierbas clásicas, desde la herbolaria china ayurvédica y tradicional a la experiencia de los médicos herbarios occidentales. Utilizing the knowledge of more than 30 years clinical experience, professional herbalists such as Michael Tierra, Lesley Tierra, Jill Stansbury, and Alan Tillotson, Planetary Herbals is committed to ensuring that our time-tested herbal traditions continue to evolve, grow, and flourish. Utilizando el conocimiento de más de 30 años de experiencia clínica, los herbolarios profesionales como Michael Tierra, Lesley Tierra, Jill Stansbury, y Alan Tillotson, Planetary Herbals se compromete a garantizar que nuestras tradiciones a base de hierbas de eficacia comprobada siguen evolucionando, creciendo y floreciendo.
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REF.-
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